Valerie J. Hoffman
Belief in the existence and powers of ‘saints’ or ‘friend of God’ (wali, pl. awliya) is pervasive throughout the Muslim world. Such individuals are often associated with Sufism, or Islamic mysticism, though the notion of human perfection probably developed first among Shi’a.
According to some branches of the Shi’a, the imams inherited from the Prophet a spark of divine light granting them a perfection and sinlessness denied to ordinary human beings. The perfection of the saints in Sunni Islam is also a divine grace, and is often also associated with putative inheritance from the Prophet, thought it usually also derives from the arduous disciplines of self-denial and devotion that are peculiar to the Sufi way. A true Sufi sheikh, or spiritual master, should be a friend of God, one who by virtue of his closeness to God may see by the light of God what no ordinary person can see, and who is therefore qualified to give each disciple the discipline and instruction that befits him or her. Nonetheless, not all those who are recognized as saints are followers of the Sufi path, and not all those who function as sheikhs are commonly recognized as saints.
Since there is no body in Islam authorized to canonize saints, as there is in Catholicism, the process by which sainthood is recognized is entirely informal and necessarily a matter of contention. Typically, disciples regard their masters not only as saints, but usually as the greatest of all saints, the qutb (axis) or ghawth (help). Nonetheless, the problem of unqualified individuals being granted a certificate to function as Sufi sheikhs has been broadly recognized by Sufis themselves. So who is a saint, and how is he or she recognized?
The qualities typically deemed mandatory for saints include piety, observance of the Shari’a, knowledge of God, and the performance of miracles – typically miracles of knowledge, such as the ability to ‘read hearts’ and to communicate mind-to-mind with other saints or one’s own disciples, breaking through barriers of time and space, and providing spectacular assistance to those in need. Yet this inventory of attributes is deceiving, for the experts on Muslim sainthood also tell us that sainthood (wilaya) is by definition hidden among God’s creatures, especially the saints of the highest rank. So the person who is serving the tea to the guests may in fact be of a higher spiritual rank than the sheikh who is revered by his disciples. There is hierarchy among saints, with a diversity of spiritual types, habits and functions. The qutb, or axis, is said to be hidden and largely unrecognized. Even a child might be a saint. In Cairo there is a tomb for a boy who, after his death, identified himself as a saint by means of a dream given to a person who had never known him. Nonetheless, the man built a shrine over the place where the dead boy was buried, and his tomb is visited by people seeking his baraka.